It is not a contemporary transformation, Anon. Such cases result from separate forms far back in the history of the language, or are a result of derivation from different forms of e.g. Latin words.
For example, I see from my dictionary that abstain and abstention both came from L. abstinere, but abstain worked its way through Middle French (abstenir
As Mr. Micawber has mentioned, this transform is no longer productive in modern English. There are hundreds of such Latin roots which occur in such pairs. It would probably be impractical to try to learn all the patterns. Nevertheless, if that sort of thing interests you, you might try keeping a list of verb-noun-pair patterns together with the particular verbs which fall into each pa